
                   OpenNetworkLinux C Coding Style
                   ===============================

This file describes the coding style used in most C files in this
repository. It is based on the Open vSwitch coding style guide.

BASICS

  Limit lines to 79 characters.

  Do not use tabs for indentation.

  Avoid trailing spaces on lines.

  Avoid empty lines at the end of files.

  Use unix newlines (\n).


NAMING

  Use names that explain the purpose of a function or object.

  Use underscores to separate words in an identifier: multi_word_name. 

  Use lowercase for most names.  Use uppercase for macros, macro
parameters, and members of enumerations.

  Give arrays names that are plural.

  Pick a unique name prefix (ending with an underscore) for each
module, and apply that prefix to all of that module's externally
visible names.  Names of macro parameters, struct and union members,
and parameters in function prototypes are not considered externally
visible for this purpose. Modules that span multiple files should
use this prefix for names shared between the files, even if they are
not in a public header file.

  Do not use names that begin with _.  If you need a name for
"internal use only", use __ as a suffix instead of a prefix.

  Avoid negative names: "found" is a better name than "not_found".

  In names, a "size" is a count of bytes, a "length" is a count of
characters.  A buffer has size, but a string has length.  The length
of a string does not include the null terminator, but the size of the
buffer that contains the string does.


COMMENTS

  Comments should be written as full sentences that start with a
capital letter and end with a period.  Put a single space between
sentences.

  Write block comments as shown below.  You may put the /* and */ on
the same line as comment text if you prefer.

    /*
     * We redirect stderr to /dev/null because we often want to remove all
     * traffic control configuration on a port so its in a known state.  If
     * this done when there is no such configuration, tc complains, so we just
     * always ignore it.
     */

  Each function and each variable declared outside a function, and
each struct, union, and typedef declaration should be preceded by a
comment.  See FUNCTION DEFINITIONS below for function comment
guidelines.

  Each struct and union member should each have an inline comment that
explains its meaning.  structs and unions with many members should be
additionally divided into logical groups of members by block comments,
e.g.:

    /* An event that will wake the following call to poll_block(). */
    struct poll_waiter {
        /* Set when the waiter is created. */
        struct list node;           /* Element in global waiters list. */
        int fd;                     /* File descriptor. */
        short int events;           /* Events to wait for (POLLIN, POLLOUT). */
        poll_fd_func *function;     /* Callback function, if any, or null. */
        void *aux;                  /* Argument to callback function. */
        struct backtrace *backtrace; /* Event that created waiter, or null. */

        /* Set only when poll_block() is called. */
        struct pollfd *pollfd;      /* Pointer to element of the pollfds array
                                       (null if added from a callback). */
    };

  Use XXX or FIXME comments to mark code that needs work.

  Don't use // comments.

  Don't comment out or #if 0 out code.  Just remove it.  The code that
was there will still be in version control history.


FUNCTIONS

  Put the return type, function name, and the braces that surround the
function's code on separate lines, all starting in column 0.

  Before each function definition, write a comment that describes the
function's purpose, including each parameter, the return value, and
side effects.  References to argument names should be given in
single-quotes, e.g. 'arg'.  The comment should not include the
function name, nor need it follow any formal structure.  The comment
does not need to describe how a function does its work, unless this
information is needed to use the function correctly (this is often
better done with comments *inside* the function).

  Simple static functions do not need a comment.

  Within a file, non-static functions should come first, in the order
that they are declared in the header file, followed by static
functions.  A commonly useful way to divide groups is by "level",
with high-level functions first, followed by groups of progressively
lower-level functions. This makes it easy for the program's reader to
see the top-down structure by reading from top to bottom.

  All function declarations and definitions should include a
prototype.  Empty parentheses, e.g. "int foo();", do not include a
prototype (they state that the function's parameters are unknown);
write "void" in parentheses instead, e.g. "int foo(void);".

  Prototypes for static functions should either all go at the top
of the file, separated into groups by blank lines.  Don't comment
individual prototypes, but a comment on each group of prototypes is
often appropriate.

  In the absence of good reasons for another order, the following
parameter order is preferred.  One notable exception is that data
parameters and their corresponding size parameters should be paired.

    1. The primary object being manipulated, if any (equivalent to the
       "this" pointer in C++).
    2. Input-only parameters.
    3. Input/output parameters.
    4. Output-only parameters.
    5. Status parameter. 

  Example:

    /* Stores the features supported by 'netdev' into each of '*current',
     * '*advertised', '*supported', and '*peer' that are non-null.  Each value
     * is a bitmap of "enum ofp_port_features" bits, in host byte order.
     * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.  On failure,
     * all of the passed-in values are set to 0. */
    int
    netdev_get_features(struct netdev *netdev,
                        uint32_t *current, uint32_t *advertised,
                        uint32_t *supported, uint32_t *peer)
    {
        ...
    }


FUNCTION PROTOTYPES

  Put the return type and function name on the same line in a function
prototype:

    static const struct option_class *get_option_class(int code);


  Omit parameter names from function prototypes when the names do not
give useful information, e.g.:

    int netdev_get_mtu(const struct netdev *, int *mtup);


STATEMENTS

  Indent each level of code with 4 spaces.  Use BSD-style brace
placement:

    if (a()) {
        b();
        d();
    }

  Put a space between "if", "while", "for", etc. and the expressions
that follow them.

  Enclose single statements in braces:

    if (a > b) {
        return a;
    } else {
        return b;
    }

  Use comments and blank lines to divide long functions into logical
groups of statements.

  Avoid assignments inside "if" and "while" conditions.

  Do not put gratuitous parentheses around the expression in a return
statement, that is, write "return 0;" and not "return(0);"

  Write only one statement per line.

  Indent "switch" statements like this:

    switch (conn->state) {
    case S_RECV:
        error = run_connection_input(conn);
        break;

    case S_PROCESS:
        error = 0;
        break;

    case S_SEND:
        error = run_connection_output(conn);
        break;

    default:
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

  "switch" statements with very short, uniform cases may use an
abbreviated style:

    switch (code) {
    case 200: return "OK";
    case 201: return "Created";
    case 202: return "Accepted";
    case 204: return "No Content";
    default: return "Unknown";
    }

  Use "for (;;)" to write an infinite loop.

  In an if/else construct where one branch is the "normal" or "common"
case and the other branch is the "uncommon" or "error" case, put the
common case after the "if", not the "else".  This is a form of
documentation.  It also places the most important code in sequential
order without forcing the reader to visually skip past less important
details.  (Some compilers also assume that the "if" branch is the more
common case, so this can be a real form of optimization as well.)


MACROS

  Don't define an object-like macro if an enum can be used instead.

  Don't define a function-like macro if a "static inline" function
can be used instead.

  If a macro's definition contains multiple statements, enclose them
with "do { ... } while (0)" to allow them to work properly in all
syntactic circumstances.

  Do use macros to eliminate the need to update different parts of a
single file in parallel, e.g. a list of enums and an array that gives
the name of each enum.  For example:

    /* Logging importance levels. */
    #define VLOG_LEVELS                             \
        VLOG_LEVEL(EMER, LOG_ALERT)                 \
        VLOG_LEVEL(ERR, LOG_ERR)                    \
        VLOG_LEVEL(WARN, LOG_WARNING)               \
        VLOG_LEVEL(INFO, LOG_NOTICE)                \
        VLOG_LEVEL(DBG, LOG_DEBUG)
    enum vlog_level {
    #define VLOG_LEVEL(NAME, SYSLOG_LEVEL) VLL_##NAME,
        VLOG_LEVELS
    #undef VLOG_LEVEL
        VLL_N_LEVELS
    };

    /* Name for each logging level. */
    static const char *level_names[VLL_N_LEVELS] = {
    #define VLOG_LEVEL(NAME, SYSLOG_LEVEL) #NAME,
        VLOG_LEVELS
    #undef VLOG_LEVEL
    };


FILE NAMES

  Files and directories should be given short descriptive names,
preferably matching the prefix of names in the file if applicable. File and
directory names must use only lowercase letters and underscores, plus a period
for the extension if any.


SOURCE FILES

  Each source file should state its license in a comment at the very
top, followed by a comment explaining the purpose of the code that is
in that file. The comment should explain how the code in the file
relates to code in other files. The goal is to allow a programmer to
quickly figure out where a given module fits into the larger system.

#include directives should appear in the following order:

    1. The module's own headers, if any.  Including this before any other
       header ensures that the module's header file is self-contained
       (see HEADER FILES below).

    2. Standard C library headers and other system headers, preferably
       in alphabetical order.  (Occasionally one encounters a set of
       system headers that must be included in a particular order, in
       which case that order must take precedence.)

    3. Other headers in alphabetical order.


HEADER FILES

  Each header file should start with its license, as described under
SOURCE FILES above, followed by a "header guard" to make the header
file idempotent, like so:

    #ifndef NETDEV_H
    #define NETDEV_H 1

    ...

    #endif /* netdev.h */

  Header files should be self-contained; that is, they should #include
whatever additional headers are required, without requiring the client
to #include them for it.

  Don't define the members of a struct or union in a header file,
unless client code is actually intended to access them directly or if
the definition is otherwise actually needed (e.g. inline functions
defined in the header need them).

  Similarly, don't #include a header file just for the declaration of
a struct or union tag (e.g. just for "struct <name>;").  Just declare
the tag yourself.  This reduces the number of header file
dependencies.


TYPES

  Use typedefs sparingly.  Code is clearer if the actual type is
visible at the point of declaration.  Do not, in general, declare a
typedef for a struct, union, or enum.  Do not declare a typedef for a
pointer type, because this can be very confusing to the reader.

  A function type is a good use for a typedef because it can clarify
code.  The type should be a function type, not a pointer-to-function
type.  That way, the typedef name can be used to declare function
prototypes.  (It cannot be used for function definitions, because that
is explicitly prohibited by C89 and C99.)

  You may assume that "char" is exactly 8 bits and that "int" and
"long" are at least 32 bits.

  Don't assume that "long" is big enough to hold a pointer.  If you
need to cast a pointer to an integer, use "intptr_t" or "uintptr_t"
from <stdint.h>.

  Use the int<N>_t and uint<N>_t types from <stdint.h> for exact-width
integer types.  Use the PRId<N>, PRIu<N>, and PRIx<N> macros from
<inttypes.h> for formatting them with printf() and related functions.

  Use %zu to format size_t with printf().

  Use bit-fields sparingly.  Do not use bit-fields for layout of
network protocol fields or in other circumstances where the exact
format is important.

  Declare bit-fields to be type "unsigned int" or "signed int".  Do
*not* declare bit-fields of type "int": C89 allows these to be either
signed or unsigned according to the compiler's whim.  (A 1-bit
bit-field of type "int" may have a range of -1...0!)  Do not declare
bit-fields of type _Bool or enum or any other type, because these are
not portable.

  Try to order structure members such that they pack well on a system
with 2-byte "short", 4-byte "int", and 4- or 8-byte "long" and pointer
types.  Prefer clear organization over size optimization unless you
are convinced there is a size or speed benefit.

  Pointer declarators bind to the variable name, not the type name.
Write "int *x", not "int* x" and definitely not "int * x".


EXPRESSIONS

  Put one space on each side of infix binary and ternary operators:

    * / %
    + -
    << >>
    < <= > >=
    == !=
    &
    ^
    |
    &&
    ||
    ?:
    = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>=

  Avoid comma operators.

  Do not put any white space around postfix, prefix, or grouping
operators:

    () [] -> .
    ! ~ ++ -- + - * &

Exception 1: Put a space between the () used in a cast and the
expression whose type is cast: (void *) 0.

  Break long lines before the ternary operators ? and :, rather than
after them, e.g.

    return (out_port != VIGP_CONTROL_PATH
            ? alpheus_output_port(dp, skb, out_port)
            : alpheus_output_control(dp, skb, fwd_save_skb(skb),
                                     VIGR_ACTION));


  Do not parenthesize the operands of && and || unless operator
precedence makes it necessary, or unless the operands are themselves
expressions that use && and ||.  Thus:

    if (!isdigit((unsigned char)s[0])
            || !isdigit((unsigned char)s[1])
            || !isdigit((unsigned char)s[2])) {
        printf("string %s does not start with 3-digit code\n", s);
    }

but

    if (rule && (!best || rule->priority > best->priority)) {
        best = rule;
    }

  Do parenthesize a subexpression that must be split across more than
one line, e.g.:

    *idxp = ((l1_idx << PORT_ARRAY_L1_SHIFT)
             | (l2_idx << PORT_ARRAY_L2_SHIFT)
             | (l3_idx << PORT_ARRAY_L3_SHIFT));

  Try to avoid casts.  Don't cast the return value of malloc().

  The "sizeof" operator is unique among C operators in that it accepts
two very different kinds of operands: an expression or a type.  In
general, prefer to specify an expression, e.g. "int *x =
xmalloc(sizeof(*x));".  Always parenthesize the operand to sizeof and
don't leave a space between the operator and opening parenthesis.

  When using a relational operator like "<" or "==", put an expression
or variable argument on the left and a constant argument on the
right, e.g. "x == 0", *not* "0 == x".


GOTO

Gotos are acceptable as a means of collecting control across multiple
operations which may result in a terminal error. If any operation fails,
control is transfered to the end of the function where error handling
and unwinding is done. For examples, see the implementation of the
Forwarding component in the LRI in forwarding.c. See also Chapter 7
of the Linux Kernel coding style document at
http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/CodingStyle.


BLANK LINES

  Put one blank line between top-level definitions of functions and
global variables.


C DIALECT

  Some C99 features are OK because they are widely implemented even in
older compilers:

    * Flexible array members (e.g. struct { int foo[]; }).

    * "static inline" functions (but no other forms of "inline", for
      which GCC and C99 have differing interpretations).

    * "long long"

    * <stdint.h> and <inttypes.h>.

    * bool and <stdbool.h>, but don't assume that bool or _Bool can
      only take on the values 0 or 1, because this behavior can't be
      simulated on C89 compilers.

  As a matter of style, avoid // comments.

  Avoid using GCC extensions unless you also add a fallback for
non-GCC compilers.  You can, however, use GCC extensions and C99
features in code that compiles only on GNU/Linux (such as
lib/netdev-linux.c), because GCC is the system compiler there.
