OpenCellular/vkernel/kernel_image.c

/* Copyright (c) 2010 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
 * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 * found in the LICENSE file.
 *
 * Functions for generating and manipulating a verified boot kernel image.
 * (Userland portion)
 */
#include "kernel_image.h"

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "cryptolib.h"
#include "file_keys.h"
#include "kernel_blob.h"
#include "rollback_index.h"
#include "signature_digest.h"
#include "stateful_util.h"

/* Macro to determine the size of a field structure in the KernelImage
 * structure. */
#define FIELD_LEN(field) (sizeof(((KernelImage*)0)->field))

KernelImage* KernelImageNew(void) {
  KernelImage* image = (KernelImage*) Malloc(sizeof(KernelImage));
  if (image) {
    image->kernel_sign_key = NULL;
    image->kernel_key_signature = NULL;
    image->preamble_signature = NULL;
    image->kernel_signature = NULL;
    image->kernel_data = NULL;
    image->padded_header_size = 0x4000;
  }
  return image;
}

void KernelImageFree(KernelImage* image) {
  if (image) {
    Free(image->kernel_sign_key);
    Free(image->kernel_key_signature);
    Free(image->preamble_signature);
    Free(image->kernel_signature);
    Free(image->kernel_data);
    Free(image);
  }
}

uint64_t GetHeaderSizeOnDisk(const KernelImage* image) {
  uint64_t kernel_signature_len = siglen_map[image->kernel_sign_algorithm];
  uint64_t kernel_key_signature_len  =
    siglen_map[image->firmware_sign_algorithm];

  return FIELD_LEN(magic) +
    GetKernelHeaderLen(image) +
    kernel_key_signature_len +
    GetKernelPreambleLen(image->kernel_sign_algorithm) +
    kernel_signature_len;
}


KernelImage* ReadKernelImage(const char* input_file) {
  uint64_t file_size;
  uint64_t on_disk_header_size;
  uint64_t on_disk_padding;
  int header_len = 0;
  int kernel_key_signature_len;
  int kernel_sign_key_len;
  int kernel_signature_len;
  uint8_t* kernel_buf;
  uint8_t header_checksum[FIELD_LEN(header_checksum)];
  MemcpyState st;
  KernelImage* image = KernelImageNew();

  if (!image)
    return NULL;

  kernel_buf = BufferFromFile(input_file, &file_size);

  st.remaining_len = file_size;
  st.remaining_buf = kernel_buf;
  st.overrun = 0;

  /* Read and compare magic bytes. */
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->magic, KERNEL_MAGIC_SIZE);

  if (SafeMemcmp(image->magic, KERNEL_MAGIC, KERNEL_MAGIC_SIZE)) {
    debug("Wrong Kernel Magic.\n");
    Free(kernel_buf);
    return NULL;
  }
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->header_version, FIELD_LEN(header_version));
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->header_len, FIELD_LEN(header_len));
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->firmware_sign_algorithm,
                 FIELD_LEN(firmware_sign_algorithm));
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->kernel_sign_algorithm,
                 FIELD_LEN(kernel_sign_algorithm));

  /* Valid Kernel Key signing algorithm. */
  if (image->firmware_sign_algorithm >= kNumAlgorithms) {
    Free(kernel_buf);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Valid Kernel Signing Algorithm? */
  if (image->kernel_sign_algorithm >= kNumAlgorithms) {
    Free(kernel_buf);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Compute size of pre-processed RSA public keys and signatures. */
  kernel_key_signature_len  = siglen_map[image->firmware_sign_algorithm];
  kernel_sign_key_len = RSAProcessedKeySize(image->kernel_sign_algorithm);
  kernel_signature_len = siglen_map[image->kernel_sign_algorithm];

  /* Check whether key header length is correct. */
  header_len = GetKernelHeaderLen(image);
  if (header_len != image->header_len) {
    debug("Header length mismatch. Got: %d, Expected: %d\n",
            image->header_len, header_len);
    Free(kernel_buf);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Read pre-processed public half of the kernel signing key. */
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->kernel_key_version,
                 FIELD_LEN(kernel_key_version));
  image->kernel_sign_key = (uint8_t*) Malloc(kernel_sign_key_len);
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, image->kernel_sign_key, kernel_sign_key_len);
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, image->header_checksum, FIELD_LEN(header_checksum));

  /* Check whether the header checksum matches. */
  CalculateKernelHeaderChecksum(image, header_checksum);
  if (SafeMemcmp(header_checksum, image->header_checksum,
                 FIELD_LEN(header_checksum))) {
    debug("Invalid kernel header checksum!\n");
    Free(kernel_buf);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Read key signature. */
  image->kernel_key_signature = (uint8_t*) Malloc(kernel_key_signature_len);
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, image->kernel_key_signature,
                 kernel_key_signature_len);

  /* Read the kernel preamble. */
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->kernel_version, FIELD_LEN(kernel_version));
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->kernel_len, FIELD_LEN(kernel_len));
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->bootloader_offset, FIELD_LEN(bootloader_offset));
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->bootloader_size, FIELD_LEN(bootloader_size));
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, &image->padded_header_size,
                 FIELD_LEN(padded_header_size));

  /* Read preamble and kernel signatures. */
  image->kernel_signature = (uint8_t*) Malloc(kernel_signature_len);
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, image->kernel_signature, kernel_signature_len);
  image->preamble_signature = (uint8_t*) Malloc(kernel_signature_len);
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, image->preamble_signature, kernel_signature_len);

  /* Skip over the rest of the padded header, unless we're already past it. */
  on_disk_header_size = file_size - st.remaining_len;
  if (image->padded_header_size > on_disk_header_size) {
    on_disk_padding = image->padded_header_size - on_disk_header_size;
    if (st.remaining_len < on_disk_padding)
      st.overrun = -1;
    st.remaining_buf += on_disk_padding;
    st.remaining_len -= on_disk_padding;
  }

  /* Read kernel image data. */
  image->kernel_data = (uint8_t*) Malloc(image->kernel_len);
  StatefulMemcpy(&st, image->kernel_data, image->kernel_len);

  if(st.overrun) {
    Free(kernel_buf);
    return NULL;
  }
  Free(kernel_buf);
  return image;
}

int GetKernelHeaderLen(const KernelImage* image) {
  return (FIELD_LEN(header_version) + FIELD_LEN(header_len) +
          FIELD_LEN(firmware_sign_algorithm) +
          FIELD_LEN(kernel_sign_algorithm) + FIELD_LEN(kernel_key_version) +
          RSAProcessedKeySize(image->kernel_sign_algorithm) +
          FIELD_LEN(header_checksum));
}

void CalculateKernelHeaderChecksum(const KernelImage* image,
                                   uint8_t* header_checksum) {
  uint8_t* checksum;
  DigestContext ctx;
  DigestInit(&ctx, SHA512_DIGEST_ALGORITHM);
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->header_version,
               sizeof(image->header_version));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->header_len,
               sizeof(image->header_len));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->firmware_sign_algorithm,
               sizeof(image->firmware_sign_algorithm));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->kernel_sign_algorithm,
               sizeof(image->kernel_sign_algorithm));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->kernel_key_version,
               sizeof(image->kernel_key_version));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, image->kernel_sign_key,
               RSAProcessedKeySize(image->kernel_sign_algorithm));
  checksum = DigestFinal(&ctx);
  Memcpy(header_checksum, checksum, FIELD_LEN(header_checksum));
  Free(checksum);
  return;
}

uint8_t* GetKernelHeaderBlob(const KernelImage* image) {
  uint8_t* header_blob = NULL;
  MemcpyState st;

  header_blob = (uint8_t*) Malloc(GetKernelHeaderLen(image));
  st.remaining_len = GetKernelHeaderLen(image);
  st.remaining_buf = header_blob;
  st.overrun = 0;

  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->header_version, FIELD_LEN(header_version));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->header_len, FIELD_LEN(header_len));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->firmware_sign_algorithm,
                   FIELD_LEN(firmware_sign_algorithm));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->kernel_sign_algorithm,
                   FIELD_LEN(kernel_sign_algorithm));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->kernel_key_version,
                   FIELD_LEN(kernel_key_version));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, image->kernel_sign_key,
                   RSAProcessedKeySize(image->kernel_sign_algorithm));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->header_checksum, FIELD_LEN(header_checksum));

  if (st.overrun || st.remaining_len != 0) {  /* Underrun or Overrun. */
    Free(header_blob);
    return NULL;
  }
  return header_blob;
}

uint8_t* GetKernelPreambleBlob(const KernelImage* image) {
  uint8_t* preamble_blob = NULL;
  MemcpyState st;

  preamble_blob = (uint8_t*) Malloc(
      GetKernelPreambleLen(image->kernel_sign_algorithm));
  st.remaining_len = GetKernelPreambleLen(image->kernel_sign_algorithm);
  st.remaining_buf = preamble_blob;
  st.overrun = 0;

  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->kernel_version, FIELD_LEN(kernel_version));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->kernel_len, FIELD_LEN(kernel_len));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->bootloader_offset, FIELD_LEN(bootloader_offset));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->bootloader_size, FIELD_LEN(bootloader_size));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->padded_header_size,
                   FIELD_LEN(padded_header_size));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, image->kernel_signature,
                   siglen_map[image->kernel_sign_algorithm]);

  if (st.overrun || st.remaining_len != 0) {  /* Overrun or Underrun. */
    Free(preamble_blob);
    return NULL;
  }
  return preamble_blob;
}

uint8_t* GetKernelBlob(const KernelImage* image, uint64_t* blob_len) {
  int kernel_key_signature_len;
  int kernel_signature_len;
  uint8_t* kernel_blob = NULL;
  uint8_t* header_blob = NULL;
  MemcpyState st;
  uint64_t on_disk_header_size;
  uint64_t on_disk_padding = 0;

  if (!image)
    return NULL;
  kernel_key_signature_len = siglen_map[image->firmware_sign_algorithm];
  kernel_signature_len = siglen_map[image->kernel_sign_algorithm];
  on_disk_header_size = GetHeaderSizeOnDisk(image);
  if (image->padded_header_size > on_disk_header_size)
    on_disk_padding = image->padded_header_size - on_disk_header_size;
  *blob_len = on_disk_header_size + on_disk_padding + image->kernel_len;
  kernel_blob = (uint8_t*) Malloc(*blob_len);
  st.remaining_len = *blob_len;
  st.remaining_buf = kernel_blob;
  st.overrun = 0;
  header_blob = GetKernelHeaderBlob(image);

  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, image->magic, FIELD_LEN(magic));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, header_blob, GetKernelHeaderLen(image));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, image->kernel_key_signature, kernel_key_signature_len);
  /* Copy over kernel preamble blob (including signatures.) */
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->kernel_version, FIELD_LEN(kernel_version));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->kernel_len, FIELD_LEN(kernel_len));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->bootloader_offset,
                   FIELD_LEN(bootloader_offset));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->bootloader_size, FIELD_LEN(bootloader_size));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, &image->padded_header_size,
                   FIELD_LEN(padded_header_size));
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, image->kernel_signature, kernel_signature_len);
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, image->preamble_signature, kernel_signature_len);
  /* Copy a bunch of zeros to pad out the header */
  if (on_disk_padding)
    StatefulMemset_r(&st, 0, on_disk_padding);
  StatefulMemcpy_r(&st, image->kernel_data, image->kernel_len);

  Free(header_blob);

  if (st.overrun || st.remaining_len != 0) {  /* Underrun or Overrun. */
    debug("GetKernelBlob() failed.\n");
    Free(kernel_blob);
    return NULL;
  }
  return kernel_blob;
}

int WriteKernelImage(const char* output_file,
                     const KernelImage* image,
                     int is_only_vblock,
                     int is_subkey_out) {
  int fd;
  int success = 1;
  uint8_t* kernel_blob = NULL;
  uint8_t* subkey_out_buf = NULL;
  uint8_t* subkey_header = NULL;
  uint64_t blob_len;

  if (!image)
    return 0;
  if (-1 == (fd = creat(output_file, 0666))) {
    debug("Couldn't open file for writing kernel image: %s\n",
            output_file);
    return 0;
  }
  if (is_subkey_out) {
    blob_len = GetKernelHeaderLen(image) +
        siglen_map[image->firmware_sign_algorithm];
    subkey_out_buf = (uint8_t*) Malloc(blob_len);
    subkey_header = GetKernelHeaderBlob(image);
    Memcpy(subkey_out_buf, subkey_header, GetKernelHeaderLen(image));
    Memcpy(subkey_out_buf + GetKernelHeaderLen(image),
           image->kernel_key_signature,
           siglen_map[image->firmware_sign_algorithm]);
    if (blob_len != write(fd, subkey_out_buf, blob_len)) {
      debug("Couldn't write Kernel Subkey header to file: %s\n",
            output_file);
      success = 0;
    }
    Free(subkey_header);
    Free(subkey_out_buf);
    close(fd);
    return success;
  }

  kernel_blob = GetKernelBlob(image, &blob_len);
  if (!kernel_blob) {
    debug("Couldn't create kernel blob from KernelImage.\n");
    return 0;
  }
  if (!is_only_vblock) {
    if (blob_len != write(fd, kernel_blob, blob_len)) {
      debug("Couldn't write Kernel Image to file: %s\n",
            output_file);
      success = 0;
    }
  } else {
    /* Exclude kernel_data. */
    int vblock_len = blob_len - (image->kernel_len);
    if (vblock_len != write(fd, kernel_blob, vblock_len)) {
      debug("Couldn't write Kernel Image Verification block to file: %s\n",
            output_file);
      success = 0;
    }
  }
  Free(kernel_blob);
  close(fd);
  return success;
}

void PrintKernelImage(const KernelImage* image) {
  uint64_t header_size;

  if (!image)
    return;

  header_size = GetHeaderSizeOnDisk(image);
  if (image->padded_header_size > header_size)
    header_size = image->padded_header_size;


  /* Print header. */
  printf("Header Version = %d\n"
         "Header Length = %d\n"
         "Kernel Key Signature Algorithm = %s\n"
         "Kernel Signature Algorithm = %s\n"
         "Kernel Key Version = %d\n\n",
         image->header_version,
         image->header_len,
         algo_strings[image->firmware_sign_algorithm],
         algo_strings[image->kernel_sign_algorithm],
         image->kernel_key_version);
  /* TODO(gauravsh): Output hash and key signature here? */
  /* Print preamble. */
  printf("Kernel Version = %d\n"
         "kernel Length = %" PRId64 " (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n"
         "Bootloader Offset = %" PRId64 " (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n"
         "Bootloader Size = %" PRId64 " (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n"
         "Padded Header Size = %" PRId64 " (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n\n"
         "Actual Header Size on disk = %" PRIu64 " (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n",
         image->kernel_version,
         image->kernel_len, image->kernel_len,
         image->bootloader_offset, image->bootloader_offset,
         image->bootloader_size, image->bootloader_size,
         image->padded_header_size, image->padded_header_size,
         header_size, header_size);
  /* TODO(gauravsh): Output kernel signature here? */
}


int VerifyKernelImage(const RSAPublicKey* firmware_key,
                      const KernelImage* image,
                      const int dev_mode) {
  RSAPublicKey* kernel_sign_key = NULL;
  uint8_t* header_digest = NULL;
  uint8_t* preamble_digest = NULL;
  uint8_t* kernel_digest = NULL;
  int kernel_sign_key_size;
  int kernel_signature_size;
  int error_code = 0;
  DigestContext ctx;
  if (!image)
    return VERIFY_KERNEL_INVALID_IMAGE;

  /* Verify kernel key signature on the key header if we
   * are not in dev mode.
   *
   * TODO(gauravsh): Add additional sanity checks here for:
   *  1) verifying the header length is correct.
   *  2) header_checksum is correct.
   */

  if (image->firmware_sign_algorithm >= kNumAlgorithms)
    return VERIFY_KERNEL_INVALID_ALGORITHM;
  if (image->kernel_sign_algorithm >= kNumAlgorithms)
    return VERIFY_KERNEL_INVALID_ALGORITHM;

  if (!dev_mode) {
    DigestInit(&ctx, image->firmware_sign_algorithm);
    DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->header_version,
                 FIELD_LEN(header_version));
    DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->header_len,
                 FIELD_LEN(header_len));
    DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->firmware_sign_algorithm,
                 FIELD_LEN(firmware_sign_algorithm));
    DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->kernel_sign_algorithm,
                 FIELD_LEN(kernel_sign_algorithm));
    DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->kernel_key_version,
                 FIELD_LEN(kernel_key_version));
    DigestUpdate(&ctx, image->kernel_sign_key,
                 RSAProcessedKeySize(image->kernel_sign_algorithm));
    DigestUpdate(&ctx, image->header_checksum,
                 FIELD_LEN(header_checksum));
    header_digest = DigestFinal(&ctx);
    if (!RSAVerify(firmware_key, image->kernel_key_signature,
                    siglen_map[image->firmware_sign_algorithm],
                    image->firmware_sign_algorithm,
                    header_digest)) {
      debug("VerifyKernelImage(): Key signature check failed.\n");
      error_code =  VERIFY_KERNEL_KEY_SIGNATURE_FAILED;
      goto verify_failure;
    }
  }

  /* Get kernel signing key to verify the rest of the kernel. */
  kernel_sign_key_size = RSAProcessedKeySize(image->kernel_sign_algorithm);
  kernel_sign_key = RSAPublicKeyFromBuf(image->kernel_sign_key,
                                        kernel_sign_key_size);
  kernel_signature_size = siglen_map[image->kernel_sign_algorithm];

  /* Verify kernel preamble signature. */
  DigestInit(&ctx, image->kernel_sign_algorithm);
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->kernel_version,
               FIELD_LEN(kernel_version));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->kernel_len,
               FIELD_LEN(kernel_len));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->bootloader_offset,
               FIELD_LEN(bootloader_offset));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->bootloader_size,
               FIELD_LEN(bootloader_size));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) &image->padded_header_size,
               FIELD_LEN(padded_header_size));
  DigestUpdate(&ctx, (uint8_t*) image->kernel_signature,
               kernel_signature_size);
  preamble_digest = DigestFinal(&ctx);
  if (!RSAVerify(kernel_sign_key, image->preamble_signature,
                 kernel_signature_size, image->kernel_sign_algorithm,
                 preamble_digest)) {
    error_code = VERIFY_KERNEL_PREAMBLE_SIGNATURE_FAILED;
    goto verify_failure;
  }

  /* Verify kernel signature - kernel signature is computed on the contents
   * of kernel_data.
   * Association between the kernel_data and preamble is maintained by making
   * the kernel signature a part of the preamble and verifying it as part
   * of preamble signature checking. */

  kernel_digest = DigestBuf(image->kernel_data,
                            image->kernel_len,
                            image->kernel_sign_algorithm);
  if (!RSAVerify(kernel_sign_key, image->kernel_signature,
                 kernel_signature_size, image->kernel_sign_algorithm,
                 kernel_digest)) {
    error_code = VERIFY_KERNEL_SIGNATURE_FAILED;
    goto verify_failure;
  }

verify_failure:
  RSAPublicKeyFree(kernel_sign_key);
  Free(kernel_digest);
  Free(preamble_digest);
  Free(header_digest);
  return error_code;
}

const char* VerifyKernelErrorString(int error) {
  return kVerifyKernelErrors[error];
}

int AddKernelKeySignature(KernelImage* image, const char* firmware_key_file) {
  uint8_t* header_blob = NULL;
  uint8_t* signature = NULL;
  int signature_len = siglen_map[image->firmware_sign_algorithm];
  if (!image || !firmware_key_file)
    return 0;
  header_blob = GetKernelHeaderBlob(image);
  if (!header_blob)
    return 0;
  if (!(signature = SignatureBuf(header_blob,
                                 GetKernelHeaderLen(image),
                                 firmware_key_file,
                                 image->firmware_sign_algorithm))) {
    Free(header_blob);
    return 0;
  }
  image->kernel_key_signature = Malloc(signature_len);
  Memcpy(image->kernel_key_signature, signature, signature_len);
  Free(signature);
  Free(header_blob);
  return 1;
}

int AddKernelSignature(KernelImage* image,
                       const char* kernel_signing_key_file) {
  uint8_t* preamble_blob = NULL;
  uint8_t* preamble_signature = NULL;
  uint8_t* kernel_signature = NULL;
  uint8_t* kernel_buf;
  int algorithm = image->kernel_sign_algorithm;
  int signature_len = siglen_map[algorithm];

  /* Kernel signature must be calculated first as its used for computing the
   * preamble signature. */
  kernel_buf = (uint8_t*) Malloc(image->kernel_len);
  Memcpy(kernel_buf, image->kernel_data, image->kernel_len);
  if (!(kernel_signature = SignatureBuf(kernel_buf,
                                        image->kernel_len,
                                        kernel_signing_key_file,
                                        algorithm))) {
    Free(preamble_blob);
    Free(kernel_buf);
    debug("Could not compute signature on the kernel.\n");
    return 0;
  }
  image->kernel_signature = (uint8_t*) Malloc(signature_len);
  Memcpy(image->kernel_signature, kernel_signature, signature_len);


  preamble_blob = GetKernelPreambleBlob(image);
  if (!(preamble_signature = SignatureBuf(preamble_blob,
                                          GetKernelPreambleLen(algorithm),
                                          kernel_signing_key_file,
                                          algorithm))) {
    debug("Could not compute signature on the kernel preamble.\n");
    Free(preamble_blob);
    return 0;
  }
  image->preamble_signature = (uint8_t*) Malloc(signature_len);
  Memcpy(image->preamble_signature, preamble_signature, signature_len);

  Free(preamble_signature);
  Free(preamble_blob);
  Free(kernel_signature);
  Free(kernel_buf);
  return 1;
}

void PrintKernelEntry(kernel_entry* entry) {
  debug("Boot Priority = %d\n", entry->boot_priority);
  debug("Boot Tries Remaining = %d\n", entry->boot_tries_remaining);
  debug("Boot Success Flag = %d\n", entry->boot_success_flag);
}

// Return the smallest integral multiple of [alignment] that is equal to or
// greater than [val]. Used to determine the number of
// pages/sectors/blocks/whatever needed to contain [val] items/bytes/etc.
static uint64_t roundup(uint64_t val, uint64_t alignment) {
  uint64_t rem = val % alignment;
  if ( rem )
    return val + (alignment - rem);
  return val;
}

// Match regexp /\b--\b/ to delimit the start of the kernel commandline. If we
// don't find one, we'll use the whole thing.
static unsigned int find_cmdline_start(char *input, unsigned int max_len) {
  int start = 0;
  int i;
  for(i = 0; i < max_len-1 && input[i]; i++) {
    if (input[i] == '-' && input[i+1] == '-') { // found a "--"
      if ((i == 0 || input[i-1] == ' ') && // nothing before it
          (i+2 >= max_len || input[i+2] == ' ')) { // nothing after it
        start = i+2;          // note: hope there's a trailing '\0'
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  while(input[start] == ' ')                    // skip leading spaces
    start++;

  return start;
}

uint8_t* GenerateKernelBlob(const char* kernel_file,
                            const char* config_file,
                            const char* bootloader_file,
                            uint64_t* ret_blob_len,
                            uint64_t* ret_bootloader_offset,
                            uint64_t* ret_bootloader_size) {
  uint8_t* kernel_buf;
  uint8_t* config_buf;
  uint8_t* bootloader_buf;
  uint8_t* blob = 0;
  uint64_t kernel_size;
  uint64_t config_size;
  uint64_t bootloader_size;
  uint64_t blob_size;
  uint64_t kernel32_start = 0;
  uint64_t kernel32_size = 0;
  uint64_t bootloader_mem_start;
  uint64_t bootloader_mem_size;
  uint64_t now;
  struct linux_kernel_header *lh = 0;
  struct linux_kernel_params *params = 0;
  uint32_t cmdline_addr;
  uint64_t i;

  // Read the input files.
  kernel_buf = BufferFromFile(kernel_file, &kernel_size);
  if (!kernel_buf)
    goto done0;

  config_buf = BufferFromFile(config_file, &config_size);
  if (!config_buf)
    goto done1;
  if (config_size >= CROS_CONFIG_SIZE) { // need room for trailing '\0'
    error("config file %s is too large (>= %d bytes)\n",
          config_file, CROS_CONFIG_SIZE);
    goto done1;
  }

  // Replace any newlines with spaces in the config file.
  for (i=0; i < config_size; i++)
    if (config_buf[i] == '\n')
      config_buf[i] = ' ';

  bootloader_buf = BufferFromFile(bootloader_file, &bootloader_size);
  if (!bootloader_buf)
    goto done2;

  // The first part of vmlinuz is a header, followed by a real-mode boot stub.
  // We only want the 32-bit part.
  if (kernel_size) {
    lh = (struct linux_kernel_header *)kernel_buf;
    kernel32_start = (lh->setup_sects+1) << 9;
    kernel32_size = kernel_size - kernel32_start;
  }

  // Allocate and zero the blob we need.
  blob_size = roundup(kernel32_size, CROS_ALIGN) +
    CROS_CONFIG_SIZE +
    CROS_PARAMS_SIZE +
    roundup(bootloader_size, CROS_ALIGN);
  blob = (uint8_t *)Malloc(blob_size);
  if (!blob) {
    error("Couldn't allocate %ld bytes.\n", blob_size);
    goto done3;
  }
  Memset(blob, 0, blob_size);
  now = 0;

  // Copy the 32-bit kernel.
  if (kernel32_size)
    Memcpy(blob + now, kernel_buf + kernel32_start, kernel32_size);
  now += roundup(now + kernel32_size, CROS_ALIGN);

  // Find the load address of the commandline. We'll need it later.
  cmdline_addr = CROS_32BIT_ENTRY_ADDR + now
    + find_cmdline_start((char *)config_buf, config_size);

  // Copy the config.
  if (config_size)
    Memcpy(blob + now, config_buf, config_size);
  now += CROS_CONFIG_SIZE;

  // The zeropage data is next. Overlay the linux_kernel_header onto it, and
  // tweak a few fields.
  params = (struct linux_kernel_params *)(blob + now);

  if (kernel_size)
    Memcpy(&(params->setup_sects), &(lh->setup_sects),
           sizeof(*lh) - offsetof(struct linux_kernel_header, setup_sects));
  params->boot_flag = 0;
  params->ramdisk_image = 0;             // we don't support initrd
  params->ramdisk_size = 0;
  params->type_of_loader = 0xff;
  params->cmd_line_ptr = cmdline_addr;
  now += CROS_PARAMS_SIZE;

  // Finally, append the bootloader. Remember where it will load in memory, too.
  bootloader_mem_start = CROS_32BIT_ENTRY_ADDR + now;
  bootloader_mem_size = roundup(bootloader_size, CROS_ALIGN);
  if (bootloader_size)
    Memcpy(blob + now, bootloader_buf, bootloader_size);
  now += bootloader_mem_size;

  // Pass back some info.
  if (ret_blob_len)
    *ret_blob_len = blob_size;
  if (ret_bootloader_offset)
    *ret_bootloader_offset = bootloader_mem_start;
  if (ret_bootloader_size)
    *ret_bootloader_size = bootloader_mem_size;

  // Clean up and return the blob.
done3:
  Free(bootloader_buf);
done2:
  Free(config_buf);
done1:
  Free(kernel_buf);
done0:
  return blob;
}