---
layout: "docs"
page_title: "Provider Plugins"
sidebar_current: "docs-plugins-provider"
description: |-
  A provider in Vault is responsible for the lifecycle of a resource: create, read, update, delete. An example of a provider is AWS, which can manage resources of type `aws_instance`, `aws_eip`, `aws_elb`, etc.
---

# Provider Plugins

A provider in Vault is responsible for the lifecycle of a resource:
create, read, update, delete. An example of a provider is AWS, which
can manage resources of type `aws_instance`, `aws_eip`, `aws_elb`, etc.

The primary reasons to care about provider plugins are:

  * You want to add a new resource type to an existing provider.

  * You want to write a completely new provider for managing resource
    types in a system not yet supported.

  * You want to write a completely new provider for custom, internal
    systems such as a private inventory management system.

~> **Advanced topic!** Plugin development is a highly advanced
topic in Vault, and is not required knowledge for day-to-day usage.
If you don't plan on writing any plugins, we recommend not reading
this section of the documentation.

If you're interested in provider development, then read on. The remainder
of this page will assume you're familiar with
[plugin basics](/docs/plugins/basics.html) and that you already have
a basic development environment setup.

## Low-Level Interface

The interface you must implement for providers is
[ResourceProvider](https://github.com/hashicorp/vault/blob/master/vault/resource_provider.go).

This interface is extremely low level, however, and we don't recommend
you implement it directly. Implementing the interface directly is error
prone, complicated, and difficult.

Instead, we've developed some higher level libraries to help you out
with developing providers. These are the same libraries we use in our
own core providers.

## helper/schema

The `helper/schema` library is a framework we've built to make creating
providers extremely easy. This is the same library we use to build most
of the core providers.

To give you an idea of how productive you can become with this framework:
we implemented the Google Cloud provider in about 6 hours of coding work.
This isn't a simple provider, and we did have knowledge of
the framework beforehand, but it goes to show how expressive the framework
can be.

The GoDoc for `helper/schema` can be
[found here](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/vault/helper/schema).
This is API-level documentation but will be extremely important
for you going forward.

## Provider

The first thing to do in your plugin is to create the
[schema.Provider](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/vault/helper/schema#Provider) structure.
This structure implements the `ResourceProvider` interface. We
recommend creating this structure in a function to make testing easier
later. Example:

```go
func Provider() *schema.Provider {
  return &schema.Provider{
    ...
  }
}
```

Within the `schema.Provider`, you should initialize all the fields. They
are documented within the godoc, but a brief overview is here as well:

  * `Schema` - This is the configuration schema for the provider itself.
      You should define any API keys, etc. here. Schemas are covered below.

  * `ResourcesMap` - The map of resources that this provider supports.
      All keys are resource names and the values are the
      [schema.Resource](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/vault/helper/schema#Resource) structures implementing this resource.

  * `ConfigureFunc` - This function callback is used to configure the
      provider. This function should do things such as initialize any API
      clients, validate API keys, etc. The `interface{}` return value of
      this function is the `meta` parameter that will be passed into all
      resource [CRUD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete)
      functions. In general, the returned value is a configuration structure
      or a client.

As part of the unit tests, you should call `InternalValidate`. This is used
to verify the structure of the provider and all of the resources, and reports
an error if it is invalid. An example test is shown below:

```go
func TestProvider(t *testing.T) {
  if err := Provider().InternalValidate(); err != nil {
    t.Fatalf("err: %s", err)
  }
}
```

Having this unit test will catch a lot of beginner mistakes as you build
your provider.

## Resources

Next, you'll want to create the resources that the provider can manage.
These resources are put into the `ResourcesMap` field of the provider
structure. Again, we recommend creating functions to instantiate these.
An example is shown below.

```go
func resourceComputeAddress() *schema.Resource {
  return &schema.Resource {
    ...
  }
}
```

Resources are described using the
[schema.Resource](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/vault/helper/schema#Resource)
structure. This structure has the following fields:

  * `Schema` - The configuration schema for this resource. Schemas are
      covered in more detail below.

  * `Create`, `Read`, `Update`, and `Delete` - These are the callback
      functions that implement CRUD operations for the resource. The only
      optional field is `Update`. If your resource doesn't support update, then
      you may keep that field nil.

The CRUD operations in more detail, along with their contracts:

  * `Create` - This is called to create a new instance of the resource.
      Vault guarantees that an existing ID is not set on the resource
      data. That is, you're working with a new resource.

  * `Read` - This is called to resync the local state with the remote state.
      Vault guarantees that an existing ID will be set. This ID should be
      used to look up the resource. Any remote data should be updated into
      the local data. **No changes to the remote resource are to be made.**

  * `Update` - This is called to update properties of an existing resource.
      Vault guarantees that an existing ID will be set. Additionally,
      the only changed attributes are guaranteed to be those that support
      update, as specified by the schema. Be careful to read about partial
      states below.

  * `Delete` - This is called to delete the resource. Vault guarantees
      an existing ID will be set.

  * `Exists` - This is called to verify a resource still exists. It is
      called prior to `Read`, and lowers the burden of `Read` to be able
      to assume the resource exists.

## Schemas

Both providers and resources require a schema to be specified. The schema
is used to define the structure of the configuration, the types, etc. It is
very important to get correct.

In both provider and resource, the schema is a `map[string]*schema.Schema`.
The key of this map is the configuration key, and the value is a schema for
the value of that key.

Schemas are incredibly powerful, so this documentation page won't attempt
to cover the full power of them. Instead, the API docs should be referenced
which cover all available settings.

We recommend viewing schemas of existing or similar providers to learn
best practices. A good starting place is the
[core Vault providers](https://github.com/hashicorp/vault/tree/master/builtin/providers).

## Resource Data

The parameter to provider configuration as well as all the CRUD operations
on a resource is a
[schema.ResourceData](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/vault/helper/schema#ResourceData).
This structure is used to query configurations as well as to set information
about the resource such as its ID, connection information, and computed
attributes.

The API documentation covers ResourceData well, as well as the core providers
in Vault.

**Partial state** deserves a special mention. Occasionally in Vault, create or
update operations are not atomic; they can fail halfway through. As an example,
when creating an AWS security group, creating the group may succeed,
but creating all the initial rules may fail. In this case, it is incredibly
important that Vault record the correct _partial state_ so that a
subsequent `vault apply` fixes this resource.

Most of the time, partial state is not required. When it is, it must be
specifically enabled. An example is shown below:

```go
func resourceUpdate(d *schema.ResourceData, meta interface{}) error {
  // Enable partial state mode
  d.Partial(true)

  if d.HasChange("tags") {
    // If an error occurs, return with an error,
    // we didn't finish updating
    if err := updateTags(d, meta); err != nil {
      return err
    }

    d.SetPartial("tags")
  }

  if d.HasChange("name") {
    if err := updateName(d, meta); err != nil {
      return err
    }

    d.SetPartial("name")
  }

  // We succeeded, disable partial mode
  d.Partial(false)

  return nil
}
```

In the example above, it is possible that setting the `tags` succeeds,
but setting the `name` fails. In this scenario, we want to make sure
that only the state of the `tags` is updated. To do this the
`Partial` and `SetPartial` functions are used.

`Partial` toggles partial-state mode. When disabled, all changes are merged
into the state upon result of the operation. When enabled, only changes
enabled with `SetPartial` are merged in.

`SetPartial` tells Vault what state changes to adopt upon completion
of an operation. You should call `SetPartial` with every key that is safe
to merge into the state. The parameter to `SetPartial` is a prefix, so
if you have a nested structure and want to accept the whole thing,
you can just specify the prefix.
