diff --git a/builtin/logical/pki/backend_test.go b/builtin/logical/pki/backend_test.go
index 95de2d2644..7512ac2796 100644
--- a/builtin/logical/pki/backend_test.go
+++ b/builtin/logical/pki/backend_test.go
@@ -4073,9 +4073,23 @@ func runFullCAChainTest(t *testing.T, keyType string) {
 	}
 
 	fullChain := resp.Data["ca_chain"].(string)
-	if strings.Count(fullChain, rootCert) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected full chain to contain root certificate; got %v occurrences", strings.Count(fullChain, rootCert))
-	}
+	requireCertInCaChainString(t, fullChain, rootCert, "expected root cert within root cert/ca_chain")
+
+	// Make sure when we issue a leaf certificate we get the full chain back.
+	resp, err = client.Logical().Write("pki-root/roles/example", map[string]interface{}{
+		"allowed_domains":  "example.com",
+		"allow_subdomains": "true",
+		"max_ttl":          "1h",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "error setting up pki root role: %v", err)
+
+	resp, err = client.Logical().Write("pki-root/issue/example", map[string]interface{}{
+		"common_name": "test.example.com",
+		"ttl":         "5m",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "error issuing certificate from pki root: %v", err)
+	fullChainArray := resp.Data["ca_chain"].([]interface{})
+	requireCertInCaChainArray(t, fullChainArray, rootCert, "expected root cert within root issuance pki-root/issue/example")
 
 	// Now generate an intermediate at /pki-intermediate, signed by the root.
 	err = client.Sys().Mount("pki-intermediate", &api.MountInput{
@@ -4141,12 +4155,25 @@ func runFullCAChainTest(t *testing.T, keyType string) {
 	require.Equal(t, 0, len(crl.TBSCertList.RevokedCertificates))
 
 	fullChain = resp.Data["ca_chain"].(string)
-	if strings.Count(fullChain, intermediateCert) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected full chain to contain intermediate certificate; got %v occurrences", strings.Count(fullChain, intermediateCert))
-	}
-	if strings.Count(fullChain, rootCert) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected full chain to contain root certificate; got %v occurrences", strings.Count(fullChain, rootCert))
-	}
+	requireCertInCaChainString(t, fullChain, intermediateCert, "expected full chain to contain intermediate certificate from pki-intermediate/cert/ca_chain")
+	requireCertInCaChainString(t, fullChain, rootCert, "expected full chain to contain root certificate from pki-intermediate/cert/ca_chain")
+
+	// Make sure when we issue a leaf certificate we get the full chain back.
+	resp, err = client.Logical().Write("pki-intermediate/roles/example", map[string]interface{}{
+		"allowed_domains":  "example.com",
+		"allow_subdomains": "true",
+		"max_ttl":          "1h",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "error setting up pki intermediate role: %v", err)
+
+	resp, err = client.Logical().Write("pki-intermediate/issue/example", map[string]interface{}{
+		"common_name": "test.example.com",
+		"ttl":         "5m",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "error issuing certificate from pki intermediate: %v", err)
+	fullChainArray = resp.Data["ca_chain"].([]interface{})
+	requireCertInCaChainArray(t, fullChainArray, intermediateCert, "expected full chain to contain intermediate certificate from pki-intermediate/issue/example")
+	requireCertInCaChainArray(t, fullChainArray, rootCert, "expected full chain to contain root certificate from pki-intermediate/issue/example")
 
 	// Finally, import this signing cert chain into a new mount to ensure
 	// "external" CAs behave as expected.
@@ -4206,6 +4233,23 @@ func runFullCAChainTest(t *testing.T, keyType string) {
 	requireSignedBy(t, issuedCrt, intermediaryCaCert.PublicKey)
 }
 
+func requireCertInCaChainArray(t *testing.T, chain []interface{}, cert string, msgAndArgs ...interface{}) {
+	var fullChain string
+	for _, caCert := range chain {
+		fullChain = fullChain + "\n" + caCert.(string)
+	}
+
+	requireCertInCaChainString(t, fullChain, cert, msgAndArgs)
+}
+
+func requireCertInCaChainString(t *testing.T, chain string, cert string, msgAndArgs ...interface{}) {
+	count := strings.Count(chain, cert)
+	if count != 1 {
+		failMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Found %d occurrances of the cert in the provided chain", count)
+		require.FailNow(t, failMsg, msgAndArgs...)
+	}
+}
+
 type MultiBool int
 
 const (
diff --git a/builtin/logical/pki/cert_util.go b/builtin/logical/pki/cert_util.go
index 2eaa3ef155..6c2e7b1e2d 100644
--- a/builtin/logical/pki/cert_util.go
+++ b/builtin/logical/pki/cert_util.go
@@ -1319,6 +1319,7 @@ func generateCreationBundle(b *backend, data *inputBundle, caSign *certutil.CAIn
 			PolicyIdentifiers:             data.role.PolicyIdentifiers,
 			BasicConstraintsValidForNonCA: data.role.BasicConstraintsValidForNonCA,
 			NotBeforeDuration:             data.role.NotBeforeDuration,
+			ForceAppendCaChain:            caSign != nil,
 		},
 		SigningBundle: caSign,
 		CSR:           csr,
diff --git a/builtin/logical/pki/chain_test.go b/builtin/logical/pki/chain_test.go
index 95f1715864..04e49c4244 100644
--- a/builtin/logical/pki/chain_test.go
+++ b/builtin/logical/pki/chain_test.go
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/vault/api"
 	vaulthttp "github.com/hashicorp/vault/http"
@@ -342,6 +344,114 @@ func (c CBUpdateIssuer) Run(t *testing.T, client *api.Client, mount string, know
 	}
 }
 
+// Issue a leaf
+type CBIssueLeaf struct {
+	Issuer string
+	Role   string
+}
+
+func (c CBIssueLeaf) Run(t *testing.T, client *api.Client, mount string, knownKeys map[string]string, knownCerts map[string]string) {
+	if len(c.Role) == 0 {
+		c.Role = "testing"
+	}
+
+	url := mount + "/roles/" + c.Role
+	data := make(map[string]interface{})
+	data["allow_localhost"] = true
+	data["ttl"] = "1s"
+	data["key_type"] = "ec"
+
+	_, err := client.Logical().Write(url, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to update role (%v): %v / body: %v", c.Role, err, data)
+	}
+
+	url = mount + "/issuer/" + c.Issuer + "/issue/" + c.Role
+	data = make(map[string]interface{})
+	data["common_name"] = "localhost"
+
+	resp, err := client.Logical().Write(url, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to issue cert (%v via %v): %v / body: %v", c.Issuer, c.Role, err, data)
+	}
+	if resp == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to issue cert (%v via %v): nil response / body: %v", c.Issuer, c.Role, data)
+	}
+}
+
+// Stable ordering
+func ensureStableOrderingOfChains(t *testing.T, client *api.Client, mount string, knownKeys map[string]string, knownCerts map[string]string) {
+	// Start by fetching all chains
+	certChains := make(map[string][]string)
+	for issuer := range knownCerts {
+		resp, err := client.Logical().Read(mount + "/issuer/" + issuer)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to get chain for issuer (%v): %v", issuer, err)
+		}
+
+		rawCurrentChain := resp.Data["ca_chain"].([]interface{})
+		var currentChain []string
+		for _, entry := range rawCurrentChain {
+			currentChain = append(currentChain, strings.TrimSpace(entry.(string)))
+		}
+
+		certChains[issuer] = currentChain
+	}
+
+	// Now, generate a bunch of arbitrary roots and validate the chain is
+	// consistent.
+	var runs []time.Duration
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		name := "stable-order-root-" + strconv.Itoa(i)
+		step := CBGenerateRoot{
+			Key:  name,
+			Name: name,
+		}
+		step.Run(t, client, mount, make(map[string]string), make(map[string]string))
+
+		before := time.Now()
+		_, err := client.Logical().Delete(mount + "/issuer/" + name)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to delete temporary testing issuer %v: %v", name, err)
+		}
+		after := time.Now()
+		elapsed := after.Sub(before)
+		runs = append(runs, elapsed)
+
+		for issuer := range knownCerts {
+			resp, err := client.Logical().Read(mount + "/issuer/" + issuer)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to get chain for issuer (%v): %v", issuer, err)
+			}
+
+			rawCurrentChain := resp.Data["ca_chain"].([]interface{})
+			for index, entry := range rawCurrentChain {
+				if strings.TrimSpace(entry.(string)) != certChains[issuer][index] {
+					t.Fatalf("iteration %d - chain for issuer %v differed at index %d\n%v\nvs\n%v", i, issuer, index, entry, certChains[issuer][index])
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	min := runs[0]
+	max := runs[0]
+	var avg time.Duration
+	for _, run := range runs {
+		if run < min {
+			min = run
+		}
+
+		if run > max {
+			max = run
+		}
+
+		avg += run
+	}
+	avg = avg / time.Duration(len(runs))
+
+	t.Logf("Chain building run time (deletion) - min: %v / avg: %v / max: %v - entries: %v", min, avg, max, runs)
+}
+
 type CBTestStep interface {
 	Run(t *testing.T, client *api.Client, mount string, knownKeys map[string]string, knownCerts map[string]string)
 }
@@ -619,6 +729,14 @@ func Test_CAChainBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 						"full-cycle":         "root-old-a,root-old-b,root-old-c,cross-old-new,cross-new-old,root-new-a,root-new-b",
 					},
 				},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old-c"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-old-new"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-new-old"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-new-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-new-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "inter-a-root-new"},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -754,6 +872,15 @@ func Test_CAChainBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 						"d-chained-cross": "root-d,cross-c-d,root-c,cross-b-c,root-b,cross-a-b,root-a",
 					},
 				},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-a-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-b-c"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-c"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-c-d"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-d"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-d-e"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-e"},
 				// Importing the new e->a cross fails because the cycle
 				// it builds is too long.
 				CBGenerateIntermediate{
@@ -777,6 +904,14 @@ func Test_CAChainBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 					CommonName: "root-a",
 					Parent:     "root-e",
 				},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-a-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-c"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-c-d"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-d"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-d-e"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-e"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-e-a"},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -818,6 +953,12 @@ func Test_CAChainBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 					Name:       "root-f",
 					CommonName: "root",
 				},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-c"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-d"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-e"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-f"},
 				// Seventh reissuance fails.
 				CBGenerateRoot{
 					Key:          "key-root",
@@ -834,6 +975,12 @@ func Test_CAChainBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 					Name:       "root-g",
 					CommonName: "root",
 				},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-c"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-d"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-e"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-f"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-g"},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -965,6 +1112,92 @@ func Test_CAChainBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 						"all-root-old":        "root-old-a,root-old-a-reissued,root-old-b,root-old-b-reissued,cross-root-old-b-sig-a,cross-root-old-a-sig-b",
 					},
 				},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-new-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-new-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-root-new-b-sig-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-root-new-a-sig-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old-a-reissued"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old-b-reissued"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-root-old-b-sig-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-root-old-a-sig-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-root-old-a-sig-root-new-a"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// Test a dual-root of trust chaining example with different
+			// lengths of chains.
+			Steps: []CBTestStep{
+				CBGenerateRoot{
+					Key:  "key-root-new",
+					Name: "root-new",
+				},
+				CBGenerateIntermediate{
+					Key:    "key-inter-new",
+					Name:   "inter-new",
+					Parent: "root-new",
+				},
+				CBGenerateRoot{
+					Key:  "key-root-old",
+					Name: "root-old",
+				},
+				CBGenerateIntermediate{
+					Key:    "key-inter-old-a",
+					Name:   "inter-old-a",
+					Parent: "root-old",
+				},
+				CBGenerateIntermediate{
+					Key:    "key-inter-old-b",
+					Name:   "inter-old-b",
+					Parent: "inter-old-a",
+				},
+				// Now generate a cross-signed intermediate to merge these
+				// two chains.
+				CBGenerateIntermediate{
+					Key:        "key-cross-old-new",
+					Name:       "cross-old-new-signed-new",
+					CommonName: "cross-old-new",
+					Parent:     "inter-new",
+				},
+				CBGenerateIntermediate{
+					Key:        "key-cross-old-new",
+					Existing:   true,
+					Name:       "cross-old-new-signed-old",
+					CommonName: "cross-old-new",
+					Parent:     "inter-old-b",
+				},
+				CBGenerateIntermediate{
+					Key:    "key-leaf-inter",
+					Name:   "leaf-inter",
+					Parent: "cross-old-new-signed-new",
+				},
+				CBValidateChain{
+					Chains: map[string][]string{
+						"root-new":                 {"self"},
+						"inter-new":                {"self", "root-new"},
+						"cross-old-new-signed-new": {"self", "inter-new", "root-new"},
+						"root-old":                 {"self"},
+						"inter-old-a":              {"self", "root-old"},
+						"inter-old-b":              {"self", "inter-old-a", "root-old"},
+						"cross-old-new-signed-old": {"self", "inter-old-b", "inter-old-a", "root-old"},
+						"leaf-inter":               {"self", "either-cross", "one-intermediate", "other-inter-or-root", "everything-else", "everything-else", "everything-else", "everything-else"},
+					},
+					Aliases: map[string]string{
+						"either-cross":        "cross-old-new-signed-new,cross-old-new-signed-old",
+						"one-intermediate":    "inter-new,inter-old-b",
+						"other-inter-or-root": "root-new,inter-old-a",
+						"everything-else":     "cross-old-new-signed-new,cross-old-new-signed-old,inter-new,inter-old-b,root-new,inter-old-a,root-old",
+					},
+				},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-new"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "inter-new"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "root-old"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "inter-old-a"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "inter-old-b"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-old-new-signed-new"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "cross-old-new-signed-old"},
+				CBIssueLeaf{Issuer: "leaf-inter"},
 			},
 		},
 	}
@@ -979,5 +1212,7 @@ func Test_CAChainBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 			testStep.Run(t, client, mount, knownKeys, knownCerts)
 		}
 
+		t.Logf("Checking stable ordering of chains...")
+		ensureStableOrderingOfChains(t, client, mount, knownKeys, knownCerts)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/builtin/logical/pki/chain_util.go b/builtin/logical/pki/chain_util.go
index 1d9caaec6f..8774137ffc 100644
--- a/builtin/logical/pki/chain_util.go
+++ b/builtin/logical/pki/chain_util.go
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func rebuildIssuersChains(ctx context.Context, s logical.Storage, referenceCert
 	// are the same across multiple calls to rebuildIssuersChains with the same
 	// input data.
 	sort.SliceStable(issuers, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return issuers[i] < issuers[j]
+		return issuers[i] > issuers[j]
 	})
 
 	// We expect each of these maps to be the size of the number of issuers
@@ -351,9 +351,33 @@ func rebuildIssuersChains(ctx context.Context, s logical.Storage, referenceCert
 		// ...and add all parents into it. Note that we have to tell if
 		// that parent was already visited or not.
 		if ok && len(parentCerts) > 0 {
+			// Split children into two categories: roots and intermediates.
+			// When building a straight-line chain, we want to prefer the
+			// root (thus, ending the verification) to any cross-signed
+			// intermediates. If a root is cross-signed, we'll include it's
+			// cross-signed cert in _its_ chain, thus ignoring our duplicate
+			// parent here.
+			//
+			// Why? When you step from the present node ("issuer") onto one
+			// of its parents, if you step onto a root, it is a no-op: you
+			// can still visit all of the neighbors (because any neighbors,
+			// if they exist, must be cross-signed alternative paths).
+			// However, if you directly step onto the cross-signed, now you're
+			// taken in an alternative direction (via its chain), and must
+			// revisit any roots later.
+			var roots []issuerID
+			var intermediates []issuerID
+			for _, parentCertId := range parentCerts {
+				if bytes.Equal(issuerIdCertMap[parentCertId].RawSubject, issuerIdCertMap[parentCertId].RawIssuer) {
+					roots = append(roots, parentCertId)
+				} else {
+					intermediates = append(intermediates, parentCertId)
+				}
+			}
+
 			includedParentCerts := make(map[string]bool, len(parentCerts)+1)
 			includedParentCerts[entry.Certificate] = true
-			for _, parentCert := range parentCerts {
+			for _, parentCert := range append(roots, intermediates...) {
 				// See discussion of the algorithm above as to why this is
 				// in the correct order. However, note that we do need to
 				// exclude duplicate certs, hence the map above.
@@ -533,7 +557,7 @@ func processAnyCliqueOrCycle(
 			// cross-signing chains; the latter ensures that any cliques can be
 			// strictly bypassed from cycles (but the chain construction later
 			// ensures we pull in the cliques into the cycles).
-			foundCycles, err := findCyclesNearClique(processedIssuers, issuerIdChildrenMap, allCliqueNodes)
+			foundCycles, err := findCyclesNearClique(processedIssuers, issuerIdCertMap, issuerIdChildrenMap, allCliqueNodes)
 			if err != nil {
 				// Cycle is too large.
 				return toVisit, err
@@ -685,7 +709,7 @@ func processAnyCliqueOrCycle(
 		// Cliques should've been processed by now, if they were necessary
 		// for processable cycles, so ignore them from here to avoid
 		// bloating our search paths.
-		cycles, err := findAllCyclesWithNode(processedIssuers, issuerIdChildrenMap, issuer, allCliqueNodes)
+		cycles, err := findAllCyclesWithNode(processedIssuers, issuerIdCertMap, issuerIdChildrenMap, issuer, allCliqueNodes)
 		if err != nil {
 			// To large of cycle.
 			return nil, err
@@ -965,6 +989,7 @@ func canonicalizeCycle(cycle []issuerID) []issuerID {
 
 func findCyclesNearClique(
 	processedIssuers map[issuerID]bool,
+	issuerIdCertMap map[issuerID]*x509.Certificate,
 	issuerIdChildrenMap map[issuerID][]issuerID,
 	cliqueNodes []issuerID,
 ) ([][]issuerID, error) {
@@ -993,7 +1018,7 @@ func findCyclesNearClique(
 		}
 
 		// Find cycles containing this node.
-		newCycles, err := findAllCyclesWithNode(processedIssuers, issuerIdChildrenMap, child, excludeNodes)
+		newCycles, err := findAllCyclesWithNode(processedIssuers, issuerIdCertMap, issuerIdChildrenMap, child, excludeNodes)
 		if err != nil {
 			// Found too large of a cycle
 			return nil, err
@@ -1009,11 +1034,17 @@ func findCyclesNearClique(
 		excludeNodes = append(excludeNodes, child)
 	}
 
+	// Sort cycles from longest->shortest.
+	sort.SliceStable(knownCycles, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return len(knownCycles[i]) < len(knownCycles[j])
+	})
+
 	return knownCycles, nil
 }
 
 func findAllCyclesWithNode(
 	processedIssuers map[issuerID]bool,
+	issuerIdCertMap map[issuerID]*x509.Certificate,
 	issuerIdChildrenMap map[issuerID][]issuerID,
 	source issuerID,
 	exclude []issuerID,
@@ -1112,6 +1143,7 @@ func findAllCyclesWithNode(
 			if _, ok := pathsTo[child]; !ok {
 				pathsTo[child] = make([][]issuerID, 0)
 			}
+
 			for _, path := range pathsTo[current] {
 				if child != source {
 					// We only care about source->source cycles. If this
@@ -1160,7 +1192,7 @@ func findAllCyclesWithNode(
 				}
 			}
 
-			// Visit this child next.
+			// Add this child as a candidate to visit next.
 			visitQueue = append(visitQueue, child)
 
 			// If there's a new parent or we found a new path, then we should
@@ -1206,6 +1238,11 @@ func findAllCyclesWithNode(
 		cycles = appendCycleIfNotExisting(cycles, reversed)
 	}
 
+	// Sort cycles from longest->shortest.
+	sort.SliceStable(cycles, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return len(cycles[i]) > len(cycles[j])
+	})
+
 	return cycles, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/sdk/helper/certutil/helpers.go b/sdk/helper/certutil/helpers.go
index 99bed25402..27d056854c 100644
--- a/sdk/helper/certutil/helpers.go
+++ b/sdk/helper/certutil/helpers.go
@@ -871,16 +871,25 @@ func createCertificate(data *CreationBundle, randReader io.Reader, privateKeyGen
 	}
 
 	if data.SigningBundle != nil {
-		if len(data.SigningBundle.Certificate.AuthorityKeyId) > 0 &&
-			!bytes.Equal(data.SigningBundle.Certificate.AuthorityKeyId, data.SigningBundle.Certificate.SubjectKeyId) {
+		if (len(data.SigningBundle.Certificate.AuthorityKeyId) > 0 &&
+			!bytes.Equal(data.SigningBundle.Certificate.AuthorityKeyId, data.SigningBundle.Certificate.SubjectKeyId)) ||
+			data.Params.ForceAppendCaChain {
+			var chain []*CertBlock
 
-			result.CAChain = []*CertBlock{
-				{
+			signingChain := data.SigningBundle.CAChain
+			// Some bundles already include the root included in the chain, so don't include it twice.
+			if len(signingChain) == 0 || !bytes.Equal(signingChain[0].Bytes, data.SigningBundle.CertificateBytes) {
+				chain = append(chain, &CertBlock{
 					Certificate: data.SigningBundle.Certificate,
 					Bytes:       data.SigningBundle.CertificateBytes,
-				},
+				})
 			}
-			result.CAChain = append(result.CAChain, data.SigningBundle.CAChain...)
+
+			if len(signingChain) > 0 {
+				chain = append(chain, signingChain...)
+			}
+
+			result.CAChain = chain
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1158,7 +1167,7 @@ func signCertificate(data *CreationBundle, randReader io.Reader) (*ParsedCertBun
 		return nil, errutil.InternalError{Err: fmt.Sprintf("unable to parse created certificate: %s", err)}
 	}
 
-	result.CAChain = data.SigningBundle.GetCAChain()
+	result.CAChain = data.SigningBundle.GetFullChain()
 
 	return result, nil
 }
diff --git a/sdk/helper/certutil/types.go b/sdk/helper/certutil/types.go
index 7f36c7ab5e..3557f9b0e3 100644
--- a/sdk/helper/certutil/types.go
+++ b/sdk/helper/certutil/types.go
@@ -704,13 +704,7 @@ func (b *CAInfoBundle) GetCAChain() []*CertBlock {
 		(len(b.Certificate.AuthorityKeyId) == 0 &&
 			!bytes.Equal(b.Certificate.RawIssuer, b.Certificate.RawSubject)) {
 
-		chain = append(chain, &CertBlock{
-			Certificate: b.Certificate,
-			Bytes:       b.CertificateBytes,
-		})
-		if b.CAChain != nil && len(b.CAChain) > 0 {
-			chain = append(chain, b.CAChain...)
-		}
+		chain = b.GetFullChain()
 	}
 
 	return chain
@@ -771,6 +765,7 @@ type CreationParameters struct {
 	PolicyIdentifiers             []string
 	BasicConstraintsValidForNonCA bool
 	SignatureBits                 int
+	ForceAppendCaChain            bool
 
 	// Only used when signing a CA cert
 	UseCSRValues        bool